الدليل الإرشادي للقواعد المقررة اللغة الإنجليزية الصف الثاني عشر متقدم الفصل الدراسي الثالث 2023-2024

Topic(s): Health and fitness, environment, feelings and emotions

Clauses and phrases: participle clauses

Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with ‘after’ + ‘having/being’ + ‘-ed’ form, before a main clause, to refer to past time. (See English Grammar Profile)

Describing past experiences and events

Asking about and describing feelings and emotions

Clauses and phrases: relative clauses

Can use past perfect continuous in relative clauses to give background information. (See English Grammar Profile)

Can use a relative clause to refer to a whole clause or sentence, often to express an opinion or evaluation or give a reason. (See English Grammar Profile)

Can use a wide range of reporting verbs, especially in academic contexts, including ‘demonstrate’, ‘illustrate’. (See English Grammar Profile)

Passives

Can use the passive infinitive affirmative and negative forms after an increasing range of main verbs, modal verbs, adjectives and nouns, in impersonal constructions. (See English Grammar Profile)

Future perfect continuous

Can use the affirmative form of future perfect continuous with ‘will’. (See English Grammar Profile)

Can use the future perfect continuous to look back to the past from a point in the future and to emphasise the duration of an activity or event. (See English Grammar Profile)

Conjunctions: subordinating conjunctions

Can use a finite subordinate clause, before or after a main clause, with conjunctions to introduce conditions. (See English Grammar Profile)

After being selected for the UAE cycling team, Ali trained hard every day.

Ali put extra effort because he has been chosen to represent his country in a sports team.

Participle Clauses:

(a non-finite subordinate clause) after + having / being + past participle (ed form) + main clause, using the past tenses.

Perfect participle clauses (prefixing “having” with the verb + ed) can be used to emphasise the completion of an action before another action in the past or highlight a cause-and-effect relationship between 2 actions. For example: Being selected to be part of the UAE cyclists (cause), was the reason Ali put extra effort (effect).

Feeling motivated after having completed a year-long fitness program, Sarah decided to run her first marathon.

After being forced to work overtime, I decided to quit my job.

After having witnessed the devastation, the company decided to implement green practices.

The athlete, who had been training for months, won the gold medal.

Noticing a recent pattern of overall fatigue and loss of appetite, which has significantly affected my mood, I decided to see a doctor.

Meaning

The athlete’s commitment to months of training was crucial in preparing him for the competition and contributing to his success. In the clause “which has significantly affected my mood”, the speaker evaluates his situation and consequently decides to see a doctor.

Grammatical structure

Relative Clauses:

Using the past perfect continuous: Subject of the main clause + (relative clause using had been + verb ‘ing’) + main clause completion (predicate).

Referring to a whole idea (phrase, clause or sentence): relative pronoun (which, who or that) + clause adding information to the main sentence

Relative clauses are used to add detail and context to sentences by providing additional information about nouns, pronouns, or even entire ideas.

Use the past perfect continuous in relative clauses to give background information.

Use a relative clause to refer to a whole clause or sentence, often to add an opinion, an evaluation or give a reason.

The student who had been researching sustainable water management solutions, was offered a scholarship to study in the Netherlands.

Many employees are feeling increasingly burnt out, which is a worrying sign considering the current shortage of manpower.

A recent study by Al-Amri (2023) demonstrates that climate change is a major threat to biodiversity.

Meaning

The warming atmosphere is a danger to the variety of life on earth. This information is shown in a recent academic study.

Grammatical structure

subject + appropriate reporting verb + that clause, an infinitive, a gerund or a prepositional phrase

Usage

Other examples

Some educators claim that a gap year spent volunteering can be beneficial for personal growth.

The health department proposed that a series of workshops aimed at increasing awareness about mental health issues would be valuable.

Residents complained that pollution from the nearby factory is harming their health.

It is important to be checked regularly by a healthcare professional

Going for an appointment with your doctor or nurse should be a priority in your life.

Grammatical structure

Passives:

Passive infinitive affirmative: to be + past participle

Passive infinitive negative: not to be + past participle

Passive infinitives, both affirmative and negative, are used after an increasing range of main verbs, modal verbs, adjectives and nouns to create a more formal and impersonal tone. It allows the speaker to focus on the action rather than the person performing it.

For example:

The emphasis is on the action (getting checked) more than the person who does it (healthcare professional)

To protect the planet, measures such as reducing fossil fuel use, need to be implemented urgently.

Plastic is not to be disposed of in the ocean.

The law must be followed.

It is important to be informed about your rights.

Stressful thoughts are not to be ignored if one seeks to maintain a healthy body and mind.

This spring, I will have been working on the climate change project for three years.

The speaker is saying that they started working on this project almost three years ago and that in spring it will be three years.

Future perfect continuous

subject + will have been + present participle.

The future perfect continuous is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers to events or actions that are currently unfinished but will be finished at some future time. It is most often used with a time expression.

When I finish this course, I will have been studying the environment for a decade.

By 2026, governments will have been working together and taking serious steps to combat climate change for several years.

This August, Sameera will have been waiting for the outcome of her PHD studies for 6 months.

Populations of endangered species, such as the Bengal Tiger, will increase provided that humans protect their habitat and stop hunting them.

Meaning

When people stop hunting tigers and protect their habitats (conditional or dependent clause), that’s when the number of tigers increases in the wild (main or independent clause).

Grammatical structure

Subordinating conjunctions

main clause + as long as / unless / provided that + conditional clause

Usage

As long as, unless, provided that can be used to connect a main and a conditional clause. In the example above, the first part of the sentence: Populations of endangered species will increase is the main/independent clause and ‘provided that humans…hunting them’ is the conditional/dependent clause.

Other examples

As long as she takes her medicine, her memory loss will get better.

We can’t work on our SMART goals unless everyone has done their homework.

The team task will get less stressful and more rewarding provided that everyone exerts maximum effort.

The widespread use of fossil fuel has led to excess greenhouse gases in our environment and as a result, accelerated climate change.

Ambitious young graduates work long hours, and as a consequence, they achieve their goals in their chosen areas of expertise.

​

Exhaustion and ill health are due to of a poor work-life balance. ​

Functional language 

point​

Describing causes and consequences​

Associated grammar​

Subordinating conjunctions, noun phrases, adverbial linkers​

When I first graduated, I wanted to study environmental studies, but after I began, I had a change of heart and decided on studying healthcare instead.

I finished school in 2020, which is a while ago now.

After studying for three years, I graduated with a degree in sustainable engineering.

As soon as I graduated, I applied to work for a new initiative – focusing on breeding endangered animals.

Functional language point

Describing past experiences and events​

Associated grammar

Adverbial phrases of time, past simple and past continuous​, relative clauses, past perfect, adjectives